A Real Problem Is Not Proof of the Remedy

Distinguishing Evidence That Harm Exists From Evidence That a Fix Works or That It Is the Only Fix

Abstract

A real problem does not, by itself, settle what should be done about it. This paper separates three burdens that are routinely collapsed into one. The first is that a problem exists and how serious it is. The second is that a proposed remedy would actually work. The third is that the proposed remedy is the only one, an exclusive either/or. Evide…